Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
type: channel
description: The Journal of the South African Veterinary Association is a contemporary multi-disciplinary scientific mouthpiece for Veterinary Science in South Africa and abroad. It provides veterinarians in South Africa and elsewhere in the world with current scientific information across the full spectrum of veterinary science. Its content therefore includes reviews on various topics, clinical and non-clinical articles, research articles and short communications as well as case reports and letters.
publisher: MedPharm Publications
language: en
publication name: Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
issn: 1019-9128
items: Shaping the future of veterinary medicine in southern Africa
items: Immobilisation and clinical effects of four drug combinations used to chemicallycapture white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
items: Effects of acupuncture on stride, speed, and heart rate variability inThoroughbred racehorses
items: Exploring the relationship between South African veterinarians and veterinaryphysiotherapists
items: Technical aspects of improved semen collection procedures in Africanrhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum; Diceros bicornis) under field conditions
items: Benefits of a tuberculin skin testing refresher training programme forveterinary field technicians in the Bushbuckridge Municipality, South Africa
items: Swelling disease of Angora goats is characterised by panhypoproteinaemia,leukocytosis, and hyperaldosteronaemia
items: Systematic review and meta-analysis of fertility outcome following in vivo insemination with sex-sorted semen in sheep
items: Quantification of Angora goat beta chain haemoglobin variants using the Sebia Capillarys 2 Flex-Piercing system
items: Factors affecting in vitro oocyte maturation in Southern white rhinoceros(Ceratotherium simum simum)
items: Semi-cylindrical recession trochleoplasty using 3D saw guides for caninepatellar luxation
items: The incision and beyond: successful implantation of temperature loggers in thecoelom of ostrich chicks
items: Could it have been spirocercosis?
items: Left-lateral laparotomy using a dorsoventral incision for unilateral ovariohysterectomy in free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo)
items: First report of a Sporidesmin Toxicity (Facial Eczema) outbreak in a South Africandairy herd
items: Canine vertebral venous thrombosis: confirmatory MRA before retreatment following symptom recurrence
items: Ovine balanoposthitis: observations on the microbiome and immunoglobulin response
items: Equine colic outcomes and prognostic factors at a South African academic hospital (2019–2021)
items: Evaluation of immobilisation using a fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine, along with a low dose of ketamine, in chacmababoons (Papio ursinus)
items: The prevalence of OvHV-2 in the smegma, nasal secretions and penile environment of rams (Ovis aries)
items: Operation Sahel: translocation and reintroduction of West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) in Niger
items: Animal rabies in Mozambique: a retrospective study with focus on dog rabies and vaccination coverage
items: Promoting rhinoceros welfare during transit: veterinarians' perspectives on transportation practices
items: Accidental intravenous overdose of meloxicam in a Cape Vulture(Gyps coprotheres)
items: Suspected bacterial ventriculitis in a nine-month-old Goldendoodle
items: Thermal properties of rhinoceros ovum pick-up probes: possible effects of temperature shock on oocyte maturation potential
items: https://mail.jsava.co.za/index.php/jsava/article/view/649
items: Detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in goat milk in Mahikeng Local Municipality
items: Cytological and histopathological bone marrow findings in dogs with natural Babesia rossi infection
items: Helminth parasites of impalas, Aepyceros melampus, in eastern southern Africa, collected during 1973 to 2007

Shaping the future of veterinary medicine in southern Africa
type: item
description: The South African Veterinary Association (SAVA) stands at a defining moment in its history — a moment shaped not by challenge alone, but by extraordinary opportunity. For more than a century, SAVA has served as the professional home of veterinarians in Southern Africa, advancing science, strengthening standards, and safeguarding animal and public health. Today, that mission is more vital than ever. At the heart of this mission lies the Journal of the South African Veterinary Association (JSAVA) — a platform not only for publishing science, but for shaping the future of veterinary medicine on our continent.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Adrian SW Tordiffe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adrian SW Tordiff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 38
ending page: 38
doi: 10.36303/

Immobilisation and clinical effects of four drug combinations used to chemicallycapture white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
type: item
description: Etorphine is an ultra-potent opioid used to immobilise white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in the field, but it can also cause extensive metabolic and cardiorespiratory derangements. To potentially reduce the severity of these derangements, etorphine is combined with synergistic drugs including medetomidine (an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist), midazolam (a benzodiazepine agonist), or azaperone (a butyrophenone drug). The potentiation effects of these synergistic drugs are believed to reduce induction times and excitement, induce muscle relaxation, and improve immobilisation quality and safety. To test the benefits of these synergistic drugs, eight healthy, wild-caught boma-housed white rhinoceros (sub-adult males) were used in a repeated-measures randomised cross-over study. Each rhinoceros was immobilised with four treatments: etorphine only (control), etorphine + azaperone (azaperone), etorphine + medetomidine (medetomidine), and etorphine + midazolam (midazolam). Butorphanol was administered intravenously after 12 min of immobilisation in all treatments. First signs of drug effects, immobilisation induction times, immobilisation quality, tremor scores, rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, and peripheral arterial oxygen-haemoglobin saturation, were compared between and within treatments. All four treatments effectively immobilised rhinoceros, however the addition of azaperone, medetomidine and midazolam were associated with significantly shorter induction times compared to the etorphine-only. All treatments initially caused severe muscle tremors, hypopnea, hypoxaemia, and tachycardia (except for medetomidine). The administration of butorphanol partly corrected most of these derangements. Our study shows that the synergistic drugs effectively speed up induction into immobilisation. However, they provide little other physiological or clinical benefit over etorphine-only. Butorphanol remains an important ancillary treatment when administering these dru…
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: cardiopulmonary
  topic: keywords
subject: etorphine
  topic: keywords
subject: azaperone
  topic: keywords
subject: midazolam
  topic: keywords
subject: medetomidine
  topic: keywords
creator: MM Ndunda
creator: PE Buss
creator: RD Gleed
creator: AC Donaldson
creator: M Leiberich
creator: EH Hooijberg
creator: EP Snelling
creator: JM Boesch
creator: LCR Meyer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 27
ending page: 35
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.722

Effects of acupuncture on stride, speed, and heart rate variability inThoroughbred racehorses
type: item
description: Thoroughbred racehorses are at increased risk of injury during race preparations and trials, primarily due to intensive workloads that predispose them to musculoskeletal injuries. Evaluating clinical interventions to improve health and prevent injury is essential for addressing animal welfare concerns. This study investigated the medium-term effects of acupuncture on stride, speed and cardiac autonomic regulation (assessed via heart rate variability [HRV]), in Thoroughbred flat racehorses. This prospective, randomised, parallel-group study included an intervention and a control group. Thirty Thoroughbred racehorses in full training (racing age 3 years; range 3.0–3.9), from a single professional training yard, and at the same stage of their racing careers, were maintained under similar nutritional, training, and environmental conditions. The intervention group received three acupuncture treatments, over a three-week period. HRV and 800-m gallop stride parameters (SP) were measured pre- and postacupuncture period in both groups. Pre-post changes or delta (Δ) in each indicator were calculated for both groups and compared using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests. Treatment was associated with non-significant reductions in parasympathetic HRV indicators namely root mean square of successive differences in beat-to-beat RR-interval (ΔRMSSD: treatment vs control: - 2.19 vs. 1.47 ms), high frequency components (ΔHF: - 37.19 vs. 19.42 ms2), and standard deviation of short-term variability (ΔSD1: - 1.56 vs. 1.04 ms), suggesting lower vagal tone. Maximum stride count (Max SC) increased significantly in the control group (p = 0.004). Overall, the treatment group showed decreased stride count and vagal activity indicating that a short recovery period may be required after acupuncture.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: heart rate variability
  topic: keywords
subject: stride parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: stride count
  topic: keywords
subject: dry needle
  topic: keywords
creator: R Hartwigsen
creator: CC Grant
creator: T Botha
creator: E van Vollenhoven
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 10
ending page: 18
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA724

Exploring the relationship between South African veterinarians and veterinaryphysiotherapists
type: item
description: Veterinary physiotherapy is a newly promulgated independent profession in South Africa. Veterinary physiotherapists work under referral or in collaboration with a veterinarian. Veterinarians therefore significantly influence appropriate client referrals. The study examined the relationship dynamics between veterinarians and veterinary physiotherapists in South Africa, with a focus on identifying the barriers and facilitators influencing referral practices by veterinarians. This descriptive cross-sectional study used a sequential exploratory mixed-method approach. Three phases of data collection were completed utilising both semi-structured interviews, phases 1 and 3, and two self-developed descriptive questionnaires administered to both veterinarians and veterinary physiotherapists in phase 2. Interviews transcripts were analysed using an inductive thematic approach to identify common themes. Questionnaire data was analysed using a descriptive statistical analysis and correlation tests to determine the relationship between variables. Statistical significance was calculated and determined using p < 0.05. Sixty-five percent (65%, n = 63) of veterinarians regularly referred patients to veterinary physiotherapy. Significant correlations were found between the type of veterinary practice and the likelihood to refer. Forty-nine percent (49%, n = 29) of veterinary physiotherapists received regular referrals from veterinarians. Regular referrals from veterinarians and a higher veterinary physiotherapy caseload were significantly correlated. The interviews revealed themes around how communication, location, and understanding the physiotherapy profession impacted the veterinarians’ likelihood to refer. While there appears to be a positive perception of the veterinary physiotherapy profession by veterinarians, there remains potential for growth regarding veterinary referrals to veterinary physiotherapy. This can be supported by better communication between the professions and …
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: veterinary physiotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: veterinarians
  topic: keywords
subject: promulgation
  topic: keywords
subject: veterinary multidisciplinary team
  topic: keywords
creator: A Louw
creator: N Naidoo
creator: H Talberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-02
publication date: 2026-03-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.729

Technical aspects of improved semen collection procedures in Africanrhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum; Diceros bicornis) under field conditions
type: item
description: Wild rhinoceros populations are threatened by ongoing poaching pressure and habitat loss. Establishing reservoirs of gametes of as many individuals as possible may assist to preserve genetic diversity and could be applied in assisted reproductive techniques in the future. However, for routine implementation of semen collection during any male rhinoceros immobilisation event, current methods and protocols need simplification and improvement. This study aimed to establish field-friendly methods of semen collection in white (Ceratotherium simum; WR) and black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis; BR) that can be performed opportunistically given the usual time constraints. Sixty-two game-farmed WR and seven wild BR were immobilised for planned management interventions. Semen collection was performed using electro-stimulation with a battery powered electro-ejaculator and specifically designed rectal probe. Furthermore, in ten WR and two BR, urethral catheterisation was performed with a 10FG nasogastric tube passed retrograde up the urethra as a method of semen collection. Semen-rich fractions were collected from 47/62 WR and 6/7 BR following electro-stimulation. Of these, 10 WR and two BR samples were obtained by urethral catheterisation. The duration of semen collection was 16.4 ± 7.3 (3–30) and 25.8 ± 6.0 (19–33) min requiring 5.2 ± 2.3 and 6.0 ± 0.7 stimulation sets for WR and BR, respectively. Semen volumes, sperm concentrations, motile and viable sperm were 1–64 and 9–18 ml, 68.4 ± 54.2 and 23.7 ± 26.7x106/ml, 51.0 ± 14.2 and 55.0 ± 17.3, and 79.9 ± 15.0 and 88.3 ± 8.4% for WR and BR, respectively. Urethral catheterisation, when implemented, reduced the time required for semen collection. Operator experience influenced sampling efficacy. Equipment and methods described in this study improved semen collection in free-ranging rhinoceroses and can be combined with routine immobilisations, despite time constraints.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: black rhinoceros
  topic: keywords
subject: electro-ejaculation
  topic: keywords
subject: sperm
  topic: keywords
subject: urethral catheterisation
  topic: keywords
subject: white rhinoceros
  topic: keywords
creator: J Meuffels-Barkas
creator: I Luther-Binoir
creator: H Bertschinger
creator: I Callealta
creator: B Tindall
creator: I Lueders
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 94
ending page: 102
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.694

Benefits of a tuberculin skin testing refresher training programme forveterinary field technicians in the Bushbuckridge Municipality, South Africa
type: item
description: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an economically important global zoonotic disease affecting all mammalian species, caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The diagnostic test prescribed by the South African National Bovine Tuberculosis Control Scheme and required for international trade in live cattle is the intradermal tuberculin test. Theoretical and practical learning of tuberculin skin testing should be done simultaneously during student training. The study aimed to assess the training programme of Veterinary Field Technicians (VFTs) on tuberculin skin testing in cattle and its impact on their performance. Twenty-five VFTs, between the ages of 22 and 61, were enrolled for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) testing refresher training, which covered both theoretical and practical aspects of the tuberculin skin test. Twenty-three VFTs participated in both the pre-training and the post-training written assessment, while two VFTs each missed one of the assessments. The mean (± SD) pre-training score was 39% (±14%), and only 4/23 VFTs (17%) achieved the pass score of 50%. The mean post-training score was 55% (± 15%), and 16 (70%) passed the post-training test. The mean difference (post-training – pre-training) was 16% (95% CI: 12, 19%; p < 0.001), with a large effect size (Hedges’ gav = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.25). VFTs in the age group 51–61 years performed poorly in the assessments compared to those aged between 22 and 50 years old. Adjusting for pre-training score, there was an inverse association between age and post-training score (b = -0.46; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.17; p = 0.004). It was concluded from this study that VFTs employed by the State were not allocated sufficient time for theoretical and practical re-training on tuberculin skin testing of cattle in Bushbuckridge local municipality, Mpumalanga province. The refresher training course was a useful intervention to effectively improve the theoretical and practical TB testing skills of VFTs.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: bovine tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: training programme
  topic: keywords
subject: tuberculin skin test
  topic: keywords
subject: Veterinary Field Technician
  topic: keywords
creator: BO Rikhotso
creator: O Pretorius
creator: PN Thompson
creator: AL Michel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 19
ending page: 26
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.727

Swelling disease of Angora goats is characterised by panhypoproteinaemia,leukocytosis, and hyperaldosteronaemia
type: item
description: Background: Swelling disease is a poorly understood clinical syndrome of South African Angora goats that is characterised by acute-onset diffuse oedema. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated aldosterone secretion has been proposed as a possible aetiology of swelling disease, but this hypothesis has not been tested. Objectives: To investigate aldosterone secretion in swelling disease by reanalysing data collected during a 2015 clinical investigation of the syndrome in which serum aldosterone and cortisol levels were measured along with standard clinical laboratory variables in affected and unaffected animals. Methods: Goats affected with swelling disease, and unaffected herd-mates, were sampled for measurement of haematology variables, serum protein variables, and serum sodium, aldosterone, and cortisol. Results for affected and unaffected goats were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, and the association between variables was investigated using Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis. Results: Goats affected with swelling disease had significantly higher white blood cell counts (WBC) and serum aldosterone than unaffected animals, and significantly lower total serum protein (TSP), albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratios. For all animals (n = 60), serum protein variables showed a significant and strong positive correlation with one another, and a negative correlation with serum aldosterone and WBC. Conclusion: Swelling disease of South African Angora goats is characterised by panhypoproteinaemia, a low A/G ratio, leukocytosis, and hyperaldosteronaemia. Causal relationships between variables could not be determined, however, the detection of hyperaldosteronaemia provides novel insight into the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: aldosterone
  topic: keywords
subject: Angora goat
  topic: keywords
subject: oedema
  topic: keywords
subject: swelling disease
  topic: keywords
creator: SDC Parsons
creator: M Hobson
creator: M Wepener
creator: T Mtetwa
creator: EH Hooijberg
creator: SJ Clift
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 88
ending page: 93
doi: 10.36303/

Systematic review and meta-analysis of fertility outcome following in vivo insemination with sex-sorted semen in sheep
type: item
description: Background: Sex-sorted semen (SS) offers economic benefits to sheep producers, but lower fertility outcome (FO), defined as probability of pregnancy, pregnancy rate or lambing rate, than that following conventional semen (CS) artificial insemination (AI) may limit its use. Objectives: To systematically review the literature, and analyse factors associated with FO following AI in sheep using SS vs CS. Methods: Available literature was searched using the PRISMA guidelines, resulting in 11 studies with 14 experiments that were reviewed. From these, information from 70 study cohorts representing 13 experiments was used to conduct a meta-analysis which confirmed that FOs for SS and CS AI were 37% (95% CI = 31–43%) and 52% (95% CI = 45–59%), respectively (p < 0.01). Results: FO improved over time, with FO following SS and CS AI improving at the same rate over the period investigated (1997-2022). In a subgroup analysis, five factors were identified that potentially decrease the FO after SS AI disproportionately. These were sperm dose ≤ 4 × 106 spermatozoa, semen preservation (fresh vs frozen-thawed), oestrus synchronisation using an intravaginal sponge (vs a controlled internal drug release device), presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the synchronisation protocol, and absence of biostimulation using a teaser ram. In a random-effects model analysis, an interaction between sperm dose and SS vs CS, and semen preservation were independent predictors of FO after adjusting for the effect of timing of insemination. Conclusion: FO following insemination with SS is 15% lower than that of CS, which can be narrowed by increasing the semen dose for SS inseminations and improving the synchronisation of ovulation with the timing of insemination.
subject: Review
  topic: section
subject: sex-sorted
  topic: keywords
subject: sexed
  topic: keywords
subject: semen
  topic: keywords
subject: spermatozoa
  topic: keywords
subject: sheep fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic review
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: JG Nel
creator: PN Thompson
creator: DE Holm
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 66
ending page: 79
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.696

Quantification of Angora goat beta chain haemoglobin variants using the Sebia Capillarys 2 Flex-Piercing system
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the Sebia Capillarys 2 Flex-Piercing (C2FP) system for the quantification of the major caprine beta chain haemoglobin (Hb) variants, i.e. foetal Hb, neonatal Hb, and adult Hb. Blood samples were collected from six Angora kids at one, 11, and 20 weeks after birth, and analysed using the C2FP instrument and Capillarys Hemoglobin(E) kit. Electropherograms displayed three major peaks which showed consistent changes in relative magnitude as kids aged. At one week old, a peak at position ~75 was identified as foetal Hb, while in older animals, peaks at ~150 and ~170 were identified as neonatal Hb and adult Hb, respectively. In conclusion, this study has confirmed the utility of the Sebia C2FP system for the simple, rapid, and standardised quantification of the major beta chain Hb variants of Angora goats.
subject: Short Communications
  topic: section
subject: capillary electrophoresis
  topic: keywords
subject: haemoglobin switching
  topic: keywords
subject: neonatal
  topic: keywords
creator: SDC Parsons
creator: A Vermeulen
creator: M Hobson
creator: EH Hooijberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 64
ending page: 65
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.683

Factors affecting in vitro oocyte maturation in Southern white rhinoceros(Ceratotherium simum simum)
type: item
description: Background: Population numbers of free-roaming rhinoceros are dwindling while natural breeding in captive populations is challenged by sub-optimal fertility. When natural breeding programmes fail and population numbers continue to decline, the use of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) as a conservation tool to save wildlife species from extinction is imperative. Assisted breeding programmes in rhinoceros are challenging and attempts to develop species-specific ART beyond artificial insemination have been limited. This study evaluates various ex- and in-situ factors that could potentially affect in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) in the Southern white rhinoceros (SWR). Objectives: To identify predictors of oocyte maturation following ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures performed on a large number of rhinoceros under different management conditions. Methods: Data from 85 OPU procedures between November 2018 and June 2023 were obtained for this study. A total of 23 factors (three animal, four environmental, 16 laboratory) were evaluated as potentially affecting IVM success. Results: Of the 85 procedures performed on 59 SWR, a total of 265 oocytes were collected with a median of two oocytes (range 0–18) per OPU. Eighteen (18) of the procedures yielded 0 oocytes. The overall maturation rate was 30% (80/265), and six identified factors had significant univariate associations with maturation outcome, of which three remained in the multivariable model. Conclusion: Farming system, season and oocyte density in maturation medium (> 100 ul/oocyte) were independently associated with improved maturation success (p < 0.05).
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: assisted reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: oocyte pick-up
  topic: keywords
subject: oocyte maturation
  topic: keywords
subject: rhinoceros
  topic: keywords
creator: M Smuts
creator: PR De Bruin
creator: GT Fosgate
creator: L Vorster
creator: M De La Rey
creator: C Lichtenberg
creator: C Young
creator: BS Durrant
creator: LCR Meyer
creator: DE Holm
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 48
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.684

Semi-cylindrical recession trochleoplasty using 3D saw guides for caninepatellar luxation
type: item
description: Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is a common orthopaedic condition in dogs that often requires surgical intervention. Semi-cylindrical recession trochleoplasty (SCRT) is a promising technique; however, the adjustment increments of commercially available SCRT saw guides are limited. As an alternative, the effectiveness of patient-specific 3D-printed saw guides for SCRT was assessed for three small dogs with MPL. An eight-year-old Chihuahua (6 kg) and a ten-year-old Maltese (5 kg) with MPL Grade 3, as well as a fiveyear- old Cocker Spaniel (10 kg) with MPL Grade 4, were included in this study. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans confirmed no angular bone deformities in the three dogs. The animals underwent SCRT using 3D-printed patient-specific saw guides, which allowed for customised adjustments to the trochlear groove depth, overcoming the 1.5 mm increment limitation of commercially available guides. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images from the CT scans were converted into stereolithography (STL) files and Fusion 360 was used to design the saw guides, which were then 3D-printed for use with SCRT under general anaesthesia. Postoperative orthopaedic examinations and radiographs performed two weeks after surgery showed that two of the dogs had no pelvic limb lameness or patellar reluxation. One patient did not achieve complete MPL correction, despite the appropriate trochlear groove depth being obtained, due to extrinsic factors. The 3D-printed patient-specific saw guides facilitated precise customisation of the trochlear groove depth during SCRT in the dogs analysed in this study, highlighting the potential to enhance surgical accuracy. Therefore, this approach has the potential to advance MPL treatment by enabling greater surgical precision and addressing challenges associated with operative time and technical difficulty. Further studies with larger sample sizes and standardised protocols are needed to fully assess the clinical benefit…
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: semi-cylindrical recession trochleoplasty
  topic: keywords
subject: 3D printing
  topic: keywords
subject: medial patellar luxation
  topic: keywords
subject: dog
  topic: keywords
subject: saw guide
  topic: keywords
creator: SB Park
creator: JY Baek
creator: SY Heo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 56
ending page: 59
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.692

The incision and beyond: successful implantation of temperature loggers in thecoelom of ostrich chicks
type: item
description: The surgical procedure and post-surgical consequences of data logger implantation in ostrich chicks are described for the first time. Twenty-eight two-week-old ostrich chicks were anaesthetised with isoflurane for the implantation of miniature temperature data loggers into the coelom. Following surgery, the ostrich chicks regained consciousness within five minutes, and recovered quickly without complications. No signs of discomfort were noted during observations for 72-hours post-surgery. Detailed behavioural observations were conducted directly after surgery and thereafter every 15 minutes, for 30 minutes (at T0, T15, and T30). At T15, the chicks spent significantly less time sitting than at T0, and at T30 the percentage of sitting decreased further. Walking increased significantly at T30 compared to T0. Feeding behaviour increased at T15 compared to T0, followed by a further increase at T30. The percentage of chicks showing staggering and/or shivering behaviour was lower at T15 and T30 than at T0. For the seven days after surgery, the body temperature of the chicks ranged from 35.5 to 41.8 °C, with an overall mean of 39.3 °C. The surgical procedure was safe and suitable for young ostrich chicks, since the chicks recovered quickly after the procedure and had a 100% survival rate at one month after surgery.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Struthio camelus
  topic: keywords
subject: anaesthesia recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: core body temperature
  topic: keywords
creator: MR Kekana
creator: A Fuller
creator: A Angelbrecht
creator: AC Donaldson
creator: N Lotz
creator: A Olivier
creator: SWP Cloete
creator: SK Maloney
creator: AJ Haw
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 49
ending page: 55
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.668

Could it have been spirocercosis?
type: item
description: As a newly-minted veterinarian and aspirant pathologist, my first publication reported on an osteosarcoma at the thoracic inlet of a dog (Schröder 1976). The case was noteworthy because it was unusual for an osteosarcoma to originate on the axial skeleton, rather than on one of the long bones.
subject: Letter to the editor
  topic: section
creator: Johann Schröder
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.36303/

Left-lateral laparotomy using a dorsoventral incision for unilateral ovariohysterectomy in free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo)
type: item
description: Population management of the African lion (Panthera leo) is often necessary in smaller non-contiguous systems. Ovariohysterectomies are commonly performed as a means of surgical birth control in many species by ventral-midline celiotomy, although a lateral laparotomy is used routinely in certain species and clinical settings. Ovariohysterectomies have been carried out in both captive and free-ranging African lion populations for birth control. This paper presents a left-lateral laparotomy (left-flank approach) for ovariohysterectomy in the free-ranging African lion, using the greater trochanter of the femur and the iliac crest as anatomical landmarks in order to determine the correct location for the abdominal incision. Unilateral ovariohysterectomies were successfully performed in three free-ranging lionesses by left-flank approach with no intra- or postoperative complications and rapid recovery. The procedure is swift, safe and provides an alternative to the ventral-midline celiotomy.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: left-lateral laparotomy
  topic: keywords
subject: left-flank approach
  topic: keywords
subject: unilateral ovariohysterectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: free-ranging African lion
  topic: keywords
creator: RJ Harvey
creator: DA Bantlin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.36303/jsava.658

First report of a Sporidesmin Toxicity (Facial Eczema) outbreak in a South Africandairy herd
type: item
description: Sporidesmin, a toxin released by a saprophytic fungus, Pseudopithomyces chartarum, causes hepatogenous photosensitivity in sheep and cattle, commonly known as Facial Eczema. A recent outbreak in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa caused significant direct and indirect economic losses to a farmer in the area and highlighted the potential negative consequences of this mycotoxicosis to the dairy industry in this province. The milking herd consisted of 400 cross-bred Jersey/Friesian/Montbilliard cattle. The farmer identified 56 cows showing teat sensitivity/irritability during milking, hypersensitive skin, excessive licking and/or obvious skin lesions on non-pigmented skin areas. Three were culled due to the severity of their skin lesions. Grazing consisted of mixed kikuyu/perennial rye grass pasture under pivot irrigation, alternated with dryland kikuyu/Italian rye and sorghum. Typical clinical signs of severe secondary photosensitivity (skin inflammation and hypersensitivity to touch), very high serum concentrations of Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT 2143-5177 IU/L) and detection of large numbers of spores on grazed planted pastures supported the clinical diagnosis. Supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) powder at 12 g per 500 kg cow dosed individually over the concentrates fed in the dairy, effectively reduced the incidence of new cases within two to three weeks. Weight loss, a decrease in milk volume and solids, and increased somatic cell counts were observed during this outbreak. One of these parameters, milk volume loss, was quantified by comparing the financial records of the four years preceding the outbreak to the production figures during the outbreak. The farmer lost approximately R1.5 million in milk volume during this outbreak (November 2020 – April 2021). Long term consequences were also apparent: the culling rate within the clinically affected group of 53 cows was more than 50% higher than the rest of the herd over the following two years. This case s…
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: facial eczema
  topic: keywords
subject: Pseudopithomyces chartarum
  topic: keywords
subject: sporidesmin toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: perennial ryegrass
  topic: keywords
subject: hepatogenous photosensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: gamma-glutamyl transferase
  topic: keywords
subject: zinc oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: milk solids
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: economic impact
  topic: keywords
creator: AJ Davis
creator: DDPS Jordaan
creator: JG Myburgh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 33
ending page: 38
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.662

Canine vertebral venous thrombosis: confirmatory MRA before retreatment following symptom recurrence
type: item
description: Venous thrombosis within the internal vertebral venous plexus is a rare occurrence in both human and veterinary medicine. This case report details the evaluation and management of an 18-month-old female spayed Siberian Husky Mix diagnosed with internal vertebral venous plexus thrombosis after presenting with cervical pain and mild tetraparesis. Initial imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed asymmetric enlargement of the right internal vertebral venous plexus without evidence of spinal cord compression. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was unremarkable. The dog was treated with clopidogrel and analgesics, leading to significant clinical improvement. However, clinical signs recurred after 20 weeks, prompting a repeat MRI that confirmed persistent thrombus. The treatment regimen was reinitiated, resulting in resolution of clinical signs. This case underscores the need for specific guidelines regarding the diagnosis and management of venous thrombosis in veterinary patients, as current literature predominantly references human medicine. The report also highlights the potential role of advanced imaging techniques, such as phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), in diagnosing vascular conditions in veterinary practice.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: small animal neurology
  topic: keywords
subject: cervical pain
  topic: keywords
subject: internal vertebral venous plexus thrombosis
  topic: keywords
subject: anticoagulant therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetic resonance angiography
  topic: keywords
creator: TK Lai
creator: P Jull
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 60
ending page: 63
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.686

Ovine balanoposthitis: observations on the microbiome and immunoglobulin response
type: item
description: The incidence of ulcerative balanoposthitis (UB) in rams contributes to significant economic losses in the national sheep population. Understanding the immune response in the reproductive tract can aid in developing preventive measures. This study aimed to characterise the immunoglobulin profiles and microbial diversity in the reproductive tract of rams affected by UB, providing insight into the immune responses to this disease. Serum and glans tissue samples from healthy and UB-affected rams were analysed using an ELISA approach to quantify IgG, IgA, and IgM levels. The microbial diversity in nasal, penile swabs, and smegma samples was assessed using an ARISA approach. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) were observed between the systemic and localised immune responses. UB-affected rams exhibited higher IgG and IgM levels but lower IgA levels in both serum and glans tissue compared to healthy rams. The study confirmed UB-induced shifts in the microbiome, with significant differences in microbial diversity indices in nasal, penile, and smegma samples. Specifically, there were changes in the nasal fungi Shannon (p = 0.047) and Simpson (p = 0.038) indices, the penile Shannon (p = 0.015) and Simpson (p = 0.006) bacterial indices, and the smegma bacterial species number index (p = 0.042). Correlations between microbial populations and immunoglobulin profiles indicated an interactive immune response in different health statuses. This study highlights the need to understand the immune system of the lower reproductive tract and its interaction with commensal organisms to develop therapeutic immunomodulators for preventing UB in sheep.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: ARISA
  topic: keywords
subject: ELISA
  topic: keywords
subject: sheep
  topic: keywords
subject: immune response
  topic: keywords
subject: venereal
  topic: keywords
creator: L Fernhout
creator: H Lambrechts
creator: JHC van Zyl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author/s https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 80
ending page: 87
doi: 10.36303/

Equine colic outcomes and prognostic factors at a South African academic hospital (2019–2021)
type: item
description: Background: Colic is a common equine emergency requiring medical or surgical intervention. These interventions can be costly, making outcomes data and prognostic indicators essential for guiding referral and treatment decisions. Objectives: To determine survival rates to hospital discharge and evaluate prognostic indicators in equine colic cases treated at a referral hospital (Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital [OVAH], South Africa). Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study analysed records from horses with colic that were presented to the OVAH from January 2019 to August 2021. Data included signalment, admission heart rate (HR) and packed cell volume (PCV), treatment type (medical vs. surgical), surgical diagnosis, postoperative complications, and survival to discharge. Results: Of 415 cases, 375 were treated (292 medically, 83 surgically). 91% of medically, 77% of surgically treated, and 88% overall survived. Compared to a previous study, overall survival to discharge improved by 5% (p = 0.025), mainly due to improved surgical outcomes. Survival was associated with treatment type and surgical lesion site (lower for small intestinal than large intestinal lesions). Medically treated cases with an increased HR and surgical cases with a high PCV had lower survival rates. Signalment showed no association with outcomes. Conclusion: Survival rates to discharge were comparable to previously published international reports and showed significant improvement to previous results from the same institution, due to improved surgical outcomes. These findings can assist veterinarians in referral and treatment decisions. Further research on long-term survival and additional prognostic indicators is required to improve outcome predictions for equine colic treatment.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: colic
  topic: keywords
subject: equine
  topic: keywords
subject: survival
  topic: keywords
subject: outcomes
  topic: keywords
subject: surgical complications
  topic: keywords
creator: LM van der Merwe
creator: EC Schliewert
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 11
ending page: 22
doi: 10.36303/

Evaluation of immobilisation using a fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine, along with a low dose of ketamine, in chacmababoons (Papio ursinus)
type: item
description: Background: Current literature most commonly describes the use of the dissociative drug ketamine for the immobilisation of baboons, either on its own or in combination with other drugs such as α-2 agonists or benzodiazepines. Currently, no reversal is available for ketamine, leading to prolonged and often rough recoveries of the animals, especially if high doses of ketamine are used. Objectives: In this study, the fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) with a low dose of ketamine (K-BAM) was evaluated for immobilisation and recovery parameters of chacma baboons. Methods: Fifteen baboons were immobilised and monitored. Actual doses administered: BAM 0.01 ± 0.005 ml/kg (butorphanol 0.31 ± 0.15 mg/kg, azaperone 0.12 ± 0.06 mg/kg, medetomidine 0.12 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and ketamine 2.04 ± 0.22 mg/kg. During immobilisation, heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and blood gases were evaluated. Results: Inductions were reached in 3.46 ± 1.36 minutes. Overall, severe hypoxaemia (SpO2: 62 ± 13%; PaO2: 37 ± 10 mmHg) was observed in all baboons as well as elevated EtCO2 (63 ± 9 mmHg) and PaCO2 (63 ± 9 mmHg) values. Other measured parameters stayed within normal ranges. Recoveries were fully reached at 4.8 ± 2.8 minutes after intramuscular injection of the reversal naltrexone and atipamezole. Conclusion: BAM with a low dose of ketamine produced short-term immobilisation, allowing for minor veterinary procedures. The severe hypoxaemia observed in all animals, however, raises serious concerns regarding the safety of this protocol.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: butorphanol
  topic: keywords
subject: medetomidine
  topic: keywords
subject: azaperone
  topic: keywords
subject: ketamine
  topic: keywords
subject: primates
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical immobilisation
  topic: keywords
subject: baboons
  topic: keywords
creator: S Pfitzer
creator: LC Bäckström
creator: JP Raath
creator: A Semjonov
creator: LL Laubscher
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 23
ending page: 28
doi: 10.36303/

The prevalence of OvHV-2 in the smegma, nasal secretions and penile environment of rams (Ovis aries)
type: item
description: Ulcerative balanoposthitis (UB) is a venereal disease which has frequently been diagnosed in sheep in South Africa (SA) since 1979, with no conclusive causative agent or treatment available. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) can be used as biomarker to diagnose the early onset of UB in sheep flocks in SA. The study made use of 10 healthy Dohne Merino rams, two healthy Dorper rams, and 10 UB-affected Dorper rams. Smegma-, blood-, nasal swab- and sheath swab samples, respectively, were collected from all rams, and subjected to a single-tube hemi-nested PCR analysis to determine OvHV-2 status of all the sample types collected. The prevalence of OvHV-2 in all 22 animals was 22.75%, irrespective of breed or health status. The detection rate of OvHV-2 was 33.3% for the 10 UB-positive animals, and 16.7% for the 12 UB-negative animals. In blood, OvHV-2 had a 4.54% detection rate, 8.33% in smegma, 13.64% in nasal samples, and a 0% detection in penile swabs. This study found no significant co-occurrence of UB and OvHV-2, which indicates that OvHV-2 cannot be considered as a biomarker for the early onset of UB or a causative agent of UB.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: peestersiekte
  topic: keywords
subject: ovine herpesvirus 2
  topic: keywords
subject: sheep
  topic: keywords
subject: venereal
  topic: keywords
creator: L Fernhout
creator: H Lambrechts
creator: JHC van Zyl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.36303/

Operation Sahel: translocation and reintroduction of West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) in Niger
type: item
description: The West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta), a subspecies of the northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis), naturally only inhabited one unprotected area in Niger. West African giraffe are a conservation success story as their population has grown from ~ 49 individuals to > 600 as a direct result of efforts by the Niger government and NGOs. Along with improved legislation, enhanced monitoring, and community engagement, establishing a satellite population within their historic range has been a major success. Giraffe translocations are technically and logistically difficult, and may require immobilisations, which add additional challenges. Such translocations are commonly undertaken in southern and East Africa with specialised equipment and experienced teams. However, with good planning and preparation, giraffe can be translocated with a small, effective team and locally constructed equipment. This case report describes the translocation of 12 West African giraffe (eight female and four male) to the Gadabedji Biosphere Reserve, Niger, using locally constructed equipment. All giraffe were immobilised in the field and taken to a temporary holding boma for acclimatisation. The translocations took place in 2018 and 2022, interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The giraffe spent between 24 hours and six weeks in the holding boma, and the former group received a low-dose of water-based perphenazine for tranquillisation and possible anxiolytic effects. Transport was by road using a modified 20-foot open-topped shipping container with strategic stops for feeding and rest. Giraffe were hard released into the reserve. No mortalities occurred during the operation and post-translocation; five calf births were recorded by the end of 2023.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: West African giraffe
  topic: keywords
subject: translocation
  topic: keywords
subject: reintroduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Niger
  topic: keywords
creator: RJ Harvey
creator: S Ferguson
creator: J Fennessy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-12-04
publication date: 2024-12-04
starting page: 193
ending page: 196

Animal rabies in Mozambique: a retrospective study with focus on dog rabies and vaccination coverage
type: item
description: Rabies, a highly preventable zoonotic disease, remains a major public health problem in Mozambique with approximately 50 human fatalities per annum due to dog-mediated rabies. This study analysed animal rabies cases and dog vaccination coverage, confirmed between 2001 and 2021, based on history, clinical signs, and/or diagnostic tests. During this period, 955 animal rabies cases were reported with the highest occurrence in Maputo (n = 283; 29.6%) and the lowest from Zambézia and Sofala provinces (n = 30; 3.1%). A significant number of animal rabies cases occurred in 2005 (n = 180; 18.8%). Most cases were identified in domestic dogs (n = 766; 80.2%). During the same period, 4.6 million dogs were vaccinated against rabies and the countrywide coverage was 10.4%. The total number of vaccinations administered increased over the 21-year period, from 46 301 in 2001 to a peak of 464 780 in 2018 before slightly declining in subsequent years. Rabid dogs are still important reservoirs and vectors species in Mozambique. More effective control measures, surveillance, reporting and enhanced awareness programmes are needed to address this neglected disease and consequently meet the global strategic plan to end human deaths due to dog-mediated rabies by 2030.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: Animal
  topic: keywords
subject: Dog
  topic: keywords
subject: Rabies
  topic: keywords
subject: Mozambique
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccination
  topic: keywords
creator: S Bilaide
creator: Q Nicolau
creator: L Mapaco
creator: F Rodrigues
creator: A Pondja Júnior
creator: J Deve
creator: C Sabeta
creator: A Bauhofer
creator: A Chilundo
creator: J Fafetine
creator: D Abernethy
creator: M Mapatse
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 167
ending page: 174

Promoting rhinoceros welfare during transit: veterinarians' perspectives on transportation practices
type: item
description: Despite translocation being a useful conservation strategy in rhinoceros management, morbidities and mortalities occurring during transportation pose a significant concern to rhinoceros managers, veterinarians, and scientists. The objectives of this study were to better understand the effects of transport on rhinoceros and to gain insights from veterinarians involved in rhinoceros translocations about current practices and potential interventions that could improve welfare. A weblink and QR code to an online questionnaire with a total of 46 questions in Google Forms was sent to veterinarians who had experience in African rhinoceros transportation, through personal emails and social network forums. Results demonstrated that despite dehydration and negative energy balance being reported as the major causes of morbidities and mortalities during transport and post-release, most veterinarians (30/35; 86%) involved in rhinoceros translocation did not offer water, parenteral fluids, or feed to transported animals, for logistical reasons and the knowledge or perception of rhinoceros' resistance to taking ad lib food and water during transport. However, 52% (15/29) and 41% (15/34) of participants suggested that parenteral fluids could be used as an intervention to mitigate dehydration and negative energy balance respectively. To reduce stress, 94% (33/35) of respondents suggested the use of tranquilisers and sedatives. This study is the first to systematically investigate and report on practices by veterinarians involved in rhinoceros translocations globally. The study highlights that further research is required to explore optimal and pragmatic techniques in the field to mitigate reported welfare challenges in rhinoceros during transport.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: rhinoceros
  topic: keywords
subject: welfare
  topic: keywords
subject: transport
  topic: keywords
subject: survey
  topic: keywords
subject: veterinarian
  topic: keywords
creator: ES Macha
creator: LCR Meyer
creator: M Leiberich
creator: M Hofmeyr
creator: EH Hooijberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-12-04
publication date: 2024-12-04
starting page: 185
ending page: 192

Accidental intravenous overdose of meloxicam in a Cape Vulture(Gyps coprotheres)
type: item
description: Many species of vulture are under threat from man-made inventions; this has led to wounded and sick vultures presenting for veterinary treatment and in need of pain management. Following the devastating effect of diclofenac on vultures in South Asia, meloxicam was found to be very safe for vultures, as a treatment as well as through ingestion of meat from treated animals. Many studies investigated the safety of meloxicam, and all found it to be safe up to 2 mg/kg, which was deemed the maximum likely exposure through treated carcasses. All studies exposed the birds either through oral dosing, treated meat or intramuscular administration, no instances of toxicity where recorded and all birds remained healthy. In this case the bird was exposed to a single dose of 2 mg/kg, intravenously, with no signs of toxicity. This appears to be the first recorded instance of accidental intravenous administration of meloxicam in a vulture.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: meloxicam
  topic: keywords
subject: Gyps coprotheres
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Vulture
  topic: keywords
subject: intravenous
  topic: keywords
subject: accidental overdose
  topic: keywords
creator: BAT Gazendam
creator: KN Koeppel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 7
ending page: 9
doi: 10.36303/

Suspected bacterial ventriculitis in a nine-month-old Goldendoodle
type: item
description: Bacterial ventriculitis is an uncommon, often fatal complication of intracranial bacterial infection. This case report describes a nine-month-old spayed female Goldendoodle that presented with a history of acute onset generalised seizures. The initial clinical examination, neurological examination and minimum database laboratory tests were unremarkable, and the dog was diagnosed with probable idiopathic epilepsy. Three weeks thereafter, the patient developed breakthrough clustering orofacial and generalised seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with bacterial ventriculitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotic and supportive therapy was initiated pending cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, serology and bacterial culture; however, the patient died eight hours after initiating treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of suspected bacterial ventriculitis in a dog in South Africa and describes its atypical clinical presentation, progression and unique MRI findings.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: bacterial ventriculitis
  topic: keywords
subject: seizures
  topic: keywords
subject: idiopathic epilepsy
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetic resonance imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: dog
  topic: keywords
creator: LC Loubser
creator: WJ Botha
creator: C Le Roux
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 175
ending page: 179

Thermal properties of rhinoceros ovum pick-up probes: possible effects of temperature shock on oocyte maturation potential
type: item
description: Background: The implementation of assisted reproductive techniques and use of in vitro embryo production has highlighted their potential in attempts to prevent the extinction of the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni). However, in vitro embryo production has proved challenging. Transrectal ovum pick-up (OPU), while done successfully with custom-made aspiration probes (AP), may expose oocytes to detrimental temperature shock. Objective: This study compares the temperature regulation properties between two AP, made from different materials and used during OPU in southern white rhinoceros (C. s. simum). Methods: The initial PVC plastic AP, produced using a computer numerical control machine, was compared to a modified aluminium AP. A rhinoceros model was constructed using a 210 L water container fitted with heating elements and a water pump. Water was warmed to 37.5–38.5 ℃ to simulate rhinoceros body temperature. The AP was equilibrated to room temperature (22 ℃; simulating summer) or in a walk-in fridge (4 ℃; simulating winter) overnight. Temperature loggers were placed inside and on the outside of the AP. Results: The aluminium AP equilibrated to the model water temperature within 15 minutes of submersion in the model, while the temperature of the PVC AP remained significantly lower during the three-hour period. The inside of the PVC AP remained significantly colder compared to outside during both winter and summer (33.23 ± 4.28 ℃ vs. 36.51 ± 2.13 ℃ and 36.04 ± 1.69 ℃ vs. 37.22 ± 0.92 ℃, respectively). There was no significant difference between the inside temperature of the aluminium AP compared to the outside temperature during both the winter and summer simulations (36.75 ± 0.49 ℃ vs. 37.83 ± 0.40 ℃ and 37.86 ± 0.16 ℃ vs. 38.04 ± 0.11 ℃, respectively). Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of using material with good thermal properties during assisted reproductive procedures. It also contributes to further advancement during the e…
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: aspiration probe
  topic: keywords
subject: in vitro
  topic: keywords
subject: oocytes
  topic: keywords
subject: Rhinocerotidae
  topic: keywords
subject: white rhinoceros
  topic: keywords
subject: temperature
  topic: keywords
creator: L Vorster
creator: PR de Bruin
creator: MP Smuts
creator: M de la Rey
creator: C Herbst
creator: BS Durrant
creator: DE Holm
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-12-04
publication date: 2024-12-04
starting page: 180
ending page: 184

https://mail.jsava.co.za/index.php/jsava/article/view/649
type: item
title: Surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and concurrentmedial patellar luxation in a small breed dog by means of a modified cranialclosing wedge ostectomy and tibial tuberosity transposition
description: Medial patella luxation (MPL) is a common cause of hindlimb lameness in small breed dogs and is associated with concurrent cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in up to 40% of cases. This case report describes a surgical technique that addressed both conditions concurrently. A four-year-old castrated, male Yorkshire Terrier presented with a chronic (two months) intermittent grade 3/5 lameness of the right pelvic limb that progressed to an acute non-weight bearing grade 5/5 lameness (Impellizeri et al. 2000). A clinical diagnosis of a grade 3 MPL and a concurrent CCL rupture of the right pelvic limb was made. A modified cranial closing wedge ostectomy (mCCWO) and a tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT), with a wedge trochleoplasty, were performed. The patient recovered uneventfully, and no lameness was detected at six weeks follow-up. No lameness or other incidents were reported by the owner on telephonic contact three months postoperatively. A follow-up clinical evaluation and lameness examination were performed at 12 months, and there was, subjectively, no visible lameness, and the radiographs showed radiographic union. This surgical technique has been shown to be an effective and viable option in this small breed patient to treat both conditions in one surgical procedure, but warrants further investigation with larger case numbers.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: cranial cruciate ligament rupture
  topic: keywords
subject: medial patella luxation
  topic: keywords
subject: modified cranial closing wedge ostectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: small breed dog
  topic: keywords
subject: tibial tuberosity transposition
  topic: keywords
creator: CF Triegaardt
creator: RC Elliot
creator: SH Naude
creator: AM Kitshoff
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 151
ending page: 155

Detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in goat milk in Mahikeng Local Municipality
type: item
description: Goat milk could be used to reduce malnutrition since it is highly nutritious, and many people in rural communities in South Africa rear small ruminants for survival. However, the risk of food contamination by antibiotic residues is one of the significant problem facing public health, and is a result of the irresponsible use of veterinary drugs. One hundred goat farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire, and raw milk samples from 266 goats were collected and analysed for the presence of antibiotic residues. Screening for amoxicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethazine, erythromycin, and streptomycin residues was done using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out for confirmation. The questionnaire shows that all (100%) of the participants acknowledged the use of antibiotics on their goats and 99% of them were aware of the possibility of antibiotic residues in milk. ELISA results for residues of erythromycin, sulfamethazine and amoxicillin exceeded the Codex Alimentarius maximum residue levels (MRLs) in 94.7%, 82.3%, and 35.3% of analysed samples, respectively. Tetracycline was present in all (100%) analysed milk samples, and streptomycin was detected in 18.7% of samples; however, these results were below the recommended MRLs. The HPLC method confirmed the presence of streptomycin and tetracycline residues in 90% and 40% of the samples analysed. However, the concentrations were below the accepted MRL standards. Approximately 76.6% of samples exceeded the established MRL for sulfamethazine and 10% for erythromycin. Amoxicillin was not detected by the HPLC method. The results obtained in this study indicate a high level of contamination of goat milk with antibiotic residues, which may harm the health of the consumers.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: antibiotic residues
  topic: keywords
subject: goat milk
  topic: keywords
subject: maximum residue level
  topic: keywords
subject: screening method
  topic: keywords
subject: confirmatory method
  topic: keywords
creator: KL Ndlovu
creator: M Mwanza
creator: N Nleya
creator: L Ngoma
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 121
ending page: 130

Cytological and histopathological bone marrow findings in dogs with natural Babesia rossi infection
type: item
description: An inappropriate regenerative response to anaemia has been reported in B. rossi-associated canine babesiosis. We investigated the impact of canine babesiosis on the bone marrow by evaluating the cytological and histopathological changes. Bone marrow smears and histopathology specimens were obtained post-mortem (within 24 hours of death) from six Babesia rossi-infected dogs and five healthy control dogs. Findings were interpreted together with the circulating haemogram, a Perls’ Prussian blue special stain for iron and immunohistochemical markers CD3, CD20, MUM-1, MAC387 and CD204. Infected dogs had an inflammatory leukogram, inappropriately regenerative anaemia, hypercellular bone marrow due to erythroid hyperplasia, dyserythropoietic changes within the metarubricyte population, a myeloid hyperplasia with a left shift, a significant increase in the number of CD204-positive resident macrophages, a left shift within the megakaryocyte population and a significantly increased iron content. Whether iron-restricted erythropoiesis plays a role in the anaemia of canine babesiosis could not be established in this study. Our findings concur with what has been recorded in the bone marrow of humans with falciparum malaria and confirm that dyserythropoiesis is partially responsible for the inappropriate erythroid response in canine babesiosis.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: bone marrow hypercellularity
  topic: keywords
subject: canine babesiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: dyserythropoiesis
  topic: keywords
subject: haemolytic anaemia
  topic: keywords
subject: macrophage hyperplasia
  topic: keywords
creator: MM Bumby
creator: SJ Clift
creator: EH Hooiberg
creator: AL Leisewitz
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 156
ending page: 166
doi: 10.36303/

Helminth parasites of impalas, Aepyceros melampus, in eastern southern Africa, collected during 1973 to 2007
type: item
description: This paper summarises published and unpublished data on helminths collected systematically from 424 impalas at 11 localities in eastern southern Africa, from St. Lucia in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) to the Tuli Block in north-eastern Botswana. It includes data on collections in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in the drought of 1982, and in 1992/93 following the 1991/92 drought. Thirty-three species of nematodes, plus six taxa identified only to the generic level, three taxa of trematodes, and three species of cestodes were collected. Helminth species richness was highest in the southern KNP and lowest in the Tuli Block. The prevalence and intensity of infection of several helminths also declined from KZN and the southern KNP to the drier areas in the north and west. With the exception of St. Lucia and Nylsvley, > 80% of the helminths collected at each locality were collected in the southern KNP. St. Lucia was the most dissimilar locality; of the 20 helminths collected, five were unique. Ten of 33 species of nematodes, the paramphistomines (Trematoda) and the cestode Stilesia hepatica were collected at seven or more localities. Six of the most common nematodes, Cooperia hungi, Cooperioides hamiltoni, Impalaia tuberculata, Longistrongylus sabie, Strongyloides papillosus and Trichostrongylus deflexus are primarily parasites of impalas in the southern KNP, whereas many of the helminths collected at only one or two localities are parasites of other hosts. Nematode burdens were increased in the drought affected impalas in 1982, but helminth burdens decreased in 1992/93 following a dry cycle.
subject: Original Research
  topic: section
subject: zooparasitic Nematoda
  topic: keywords
subject: Cestoda
  topic: keywords
subject: Trematoda
  topic: keywords
subject: prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: drought
  topic: keywords
creator: IG Horak
creator: K Junker
creator: LEO Braack
creator: GJ Gallivan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
date: 2024-06-27
publication date: 2024-06-27
starting page: 95
ending page: 108